Equitable Transit-Oriented Affordable Housing (ETOAH)
A Practitioner's Toolkit
Why this toolkit?
This toolkit was created by the Canadian Alliance for Transit-Connected Housing (CATCH) to support municipal planners, policymakers, and housing stakeholders working at the intersection of transit investment and affordable housing. As new transit lines are planned and built across Canada, communities are grappling with how to ensure these investments improve access and affordability while protecting against displacement. This toolkit brings together real-world examples and decision-making frameworks to help teams navigate these challenges in a structured and pragmatic way.
Equitable Transit-Oriented Affordable Housing (ETOAH) practice must reflect the full diversity of communities near transit corridors including urban Indigenous peoples, who are disproportionately represented among those experiencing core housing needs and whose rights and self-determination must inform any planning process. Priority populations including seniors, people with disabilities, racialized communities, women and children fleeing violence, those experiencing homelessness, and recent immigrants are also frequently most affected by transit-induced displacement and least served by conventional TOD approaches.
This toolkit is version one of what is intended to be an ongoing compendium of tools and materials. We will continue to develop and add more resources over time, including best practices for engaging priority groups, reconciliation-informed approaches to ETOAH, and updates, where possible, to recognize the changing legislative and policy landscape across the country.
About the Canadian Alliance for Transit-Connected Housing
The Mission
The Canadian Alliance for Transit-Connected Housing (CATCH) is a new national initiative created to support the long-term sustainability and development of affordable housing along transit lines across Canada. It emerged in response to a growing pattern seen over the past decade: while major public transit investments are intended to improve access and mobility, they often trigger rising land values, redevelopment pressures, and the loss of affordable housing.
As a result, low-income and racialized residents are frequently displaced from the very communities transit is meant to serve.
Our Journey
In 2023, Social Innovation Canada (SI Canada) launched the Equitable Transit-Oriented Affordable Housing (ETOAH) Lab. Working in partnership with CMHC, the City of Hamilton, the Hamilton Community Foundation, and other collaborators, the Lab co-designed a new model to align transit investments with long-term housing affordability and community stability.
With this proven approach in place, CATCH was created to scale the model nationally – helping cities protect existing affordable housing, develop new community housing near transit, and ensure that transit investments continue to support communities.
Our Work Today
Today, CATCH is actively working with cities, community housing providers, planners, and funders across Canada to develop resources to put this model into practice.
The initiative is building a national inventory of proven approaches to transit-connected affordable housing, convening local collaboratives to align housing and transit planning, and advancing blended-capital financing strategies to support acquisition, preservation, and development near transit.
TOD v.s ETOAH: What's the Difference?
Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)
Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) focuses on concentrating new growth around high-quality transit to support ridership and reduce reliance on private vehicles. In practice, this approach sometimes overlooks what happens to existing housing and residents near new transit corridors. Rising land values, redevelopment pressure, and speculation can quickly erode affordability and displace people who depend most on transit.
Equitable Transit-Oriented Affordable Housing (ETOAH)
Equitable Transit-Oriented Affordable Housing (ETOAH) responds to this gap by placing affordability and displacement prevention at the center of transit planning. Its goal is to ensure that public investment in transit delivers lasting benefits to the communities already living nearby, rather than reshaping those areas in ways that may exclude them.
Knowledge Assessment
This self-guided learning tool is designed to help users reflect on their understanding of Equitable Transit-Oriented Affordable Housing (ETOAH) and identify areas for deeper learning. The assessment consists of ten questions that progress from foundational concepts to more nuanced application in real-world planning contexts.
Each question includes immediate feedback explaining the correct answer and why it matters for ETOAH practice.
Policy Levers Playbook
The following policy levers represent some of the most impactful strategies for municipalities seeking to create equitable transit-oriented affordable housing (ETOAH). These levers were identified through consultation with planning professionals representing a range of Canadian cities and are highlighted across multiple planning reports examining transit-oriented displacement and equitable development practices across North American cities.
The tools available to any given municipality depend significantly on provincial legislation, local governance structures, and the mandate of relevant transit authorities. For example, inclusionary zoning is enabled differently across provinces. Ontario, BC, and Alberta each have distinct legislative frameworks that shape what municipalities can require of developers. Select cities such as Calgary, Edmonton, Vancouver, and Winnipeg may have additional authorities not available to other municipalities. Before applying any lever, practitioners are encouraged to consult their provincial planning legislation and transit authority mandate to confirm what tools are available in their jurisdiction.
Coordinated Transit and Housing Plans
Formally require transit investments and housing affordability strategies to be planned, approved, and delivered together to ensure new transit improves access without driving displacement.
Targeted Public Land Acquisition
Proactive purchase and assembly of land near planned transit stations before value inflation occurs, enabling long-term affordability through controlled disposition, equity capture to subsidize non-market housing, or direct development by public/non-profit partners.
Joint Development on Transit Agency Lands
Leverages the rights to publicly owned land near stations to deliver affordable housing and mixed-use development while generating long-term revenue for transit operations.
Inclusionary Zoning with Density Incentives
Requires affordable housing in transit-oriented developments while increasing development capacity to ensure projects remain financially viable.
Stable ETOAH
Funding Streams
Creates long-term, predictable revenue streams that enable municipalities to plan, acquire land, and deliver affordable housing in transit corridors at the pace and scale required to counter displacement.
Policy Bundling to
Prevent Displacement
Combines multiple, mutually reinforcing tools to protect residents, small businesses, and community institutions in transit corridors before, during, and after transit investment.
Learning Modules
These hands-on facilitation activities are designed to build shared understanding and strengthen decision-making capacity among planners and partners working on ETOAH. They include a collaborative definition exercise and a role-play scenario.
Through these activities, participants explore how concepts like affordability, equity, and competing institutional mandates play out in real planning contexts. They are intended to help teams align on values, navigate trade-offs, and prepare for the complex realities of ETOAH implementation.
Defining Affordability and Equity: A Collaborative Definition Exercise
This facilitated 60-minute activity supports participants in developing shared, context-specific working definitions for affordability and equity that can be applied consistently over the life of a project.
Navigating Competing Mandates: A Role-Play Exercise
This facilitated 60-minute activity is designed to support cross-sector teams. It guides participants through a structured, role-playing simulation where they negotiate real ETOAH scenarios while embodying different organizational perspectives.
Resource Library
This Resource Library brings together a curated set of tools, research, and policy examples to support practitioners working on Equitable, Transit-Oriented Affordable Housing. Resources are organized across six categories: Primers, Data and Metrics & Evaluation Tools, Displacement & Equity Research, Training Videos & Learning Resources, Policy, and Case Study/Policy Lever Examples.
Measuring and monitoring outcomes is a critical part of ETOAH practice. The Data, Metrics & Evaluation Tools section includes resources to help practitioners assess impact, including the ETOD Social Impact Calculator and the CMHC Housing Affordability Data Portal.
For additional resources on Equitable Transit-Oriented Affordable Housing, visit the Resource Library on the Canadian Alliance for Transit-Connected Housing (CATCH) website.
Equitable Transit-Oriented Affordable Housing in Hamilton
Policy-focused analysis connecting transit expansion with affordable housing delivery in Hamilton.
Equitable Transit-Oriented Development Policy Plan
Citywide framework embedding equity, anti-displacement, and affordability into TOD.
Transit-Oriented Development Guidelines
Provincial guidance supporting housing density and affordability near transit.
ETOD Social Impact Calculator
Tool estimating social, economic, and environmental benefits of ETOD projects.
Housing Affordability Data Portal
National data on housing affordability, need, and core housing indicators.
Living on the Line: Addressing Transit-Oriented Displacement
Research report examining displacement risks and equity strategies related to transit investment.
Equity in Major Transit Station Areas
Policy discussion on growth, affordability, and equity near stations.
Preserving Black Communities Apartment Affordability Around Transit in Toronto
Expert panel report on preserving Black renter apartment affordability and reducing displacement, with lessons from the Jane Finch community.
Financialized Violence in Toronto’s Rental Market: Eviction Rates in Majority Black Renter Communities
Academic paper analyzing how financialized rental housing in Toronto drives disproportionately high eviction rates in Black-majority renter communities.
Equitable TOD Course
Online course covering policy, zoning, and equity in TOD.
Council Policy C437A – City Land Assets for Non-Profit Affordable Housing
Municipal policy guiding how Edmonton prioritizes and deploys affordable housing investments
Council Policy C601A – Affordable Housing Investment Guidelines (Edmonton, AB)
Establishes a transparent process to use City-owned land assets to enable long-term affordable housing
Toronto: Zoning for Major Transit Station Areas (PMTSAs) + Inclusionary Zoning
City framework showing where Inclusionary Zoning applies in approved PMTSAs.
Chicago Equitable Transit-Oriented Development (ETOD) Policy Plan (Chicago, IL)
Citywide ETOD policy framework that links transit-area growth to equity goals.
City of Vancouver Development Cost Levies
The City of Vancouver’s Development Cost Levies (DCLs) used as a reliable funding pipeline for non-market housing near rapid transit.
Bay Area Transit-Oriented Affordable Housing (TOAH) Fund – brochure
Overview of the Bay Area’s revolving loan fund financing affordable housing and community services near transit throughout the region.
Denver Regional TOD Fund (Denver, Colorado)
A revolving fund that helps affordable-housing developers buy and hold sites near transit before land prices spike.
Fruitvale Village (Oakland, CA) – Equitable TOD nonprofit-led case example
Nonprofit-led TOD integrating affordable housing, services, and community development adjacent to rapid transit.
LA Metro Joint Development Program Process (overview document)
Transit-agency land leveraged for housing: target 10,000 homes by 2031, with at least 5,000 income-restricted.
Equitable Development Initiative (EDI)
Seattle’s community visioning and strategic planning process for its Equitable Development Initiative (EDI).
Tri-Met Transit Oriented Development
TriMet’s Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) program to create livable, sustainable communities by integrating development with transit.
Equitable TOD
in Halifax
Exploring affordable rental housing strategies in Transit-Oriented Developments
What's Next?
Treat this toolkit like your launchpad for equitable, transit-oriented affordable housing. Every community faces distinct pressures and opportunities when it comes to ETOAH. We encourage you to adapt these tools to your local context.
For communities looking for additional support, CATCH works with local governments, community housing providers, investors and partners to help align efforts and translate these approaches into action. We also see this toolkit as a living resource. If you have questions, reflections, or suggestions, we’d welcome your input.
Get in touch! Email us at info@catch-rehac.ca
CATCH received funding from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) under the NHS Demonstrations Initiative, however, the views expressed are the personal views of the author and CMHC accepts no responsibility for them.